The impact of anti-Muslim hostilities on how Muslims connect their religiosity to support for gender equality in Western Europe

Right-wing populist voices argue that Muslims do not belong in Western Europe because Islam opposes the “core value” of women's empowerment. Ironically, such hostilities could cause European to reject antagonistic natives and their “Western values,” potentially creating backlashes Muslims' support for gender equality. Delving into this possibility, study diverges from simple conceptualizations one inherently patriarchal diversity among gendered meanings they attach religion different contexts. Empirically, we use a uniquely pooled dataset covering over 9,000 16 countries between 2008 2019. Multilevel models show while mosque attendance limits public-sphere equality, religious identifications only so men individual prayer women. Additionally, our results tentatively indicate more hostile contexts, prayer's effects become identification's connection opposition equality weakens. We conclude Islamic religiosities shape far complex ways than any right-wing claim on essential captures.